Journal of natural and applied sciences

Isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria and study of virulence gene expression using RT-PCR and its effect on some immunological variables

Khansaa Basem Fadhil — 2026-01-22

Eighty samples were collected from inpatients and healthy individuals in health facilities in Salah al-Din Governorate. The sample consisted of 48 patients (55%) and 32 healthy individuals (45%). Forty-four (44) urine samples and thirty-six (36) samples from burns and wounds were collected between March 2025 and July 2025. The patients' ages ranged from 5 to 65 years. All samples were subjected to bacterial culture, and the results showed that 65 (55%) of the samples were positive for bacterial culture, while 32 (45%) of the samples were negative for bacterial culture. Subsequently, blood samples were collected from the group of patients and healthy individuals and separated by centrifugation. Then, the biochemical variables, which included (IL-6, TNF-α), were measured. The results showed a significant increase in the group of patients infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae compared to the control group (healthy individuals) at a probability level of P ≤ 0.05. Also, virulence factors were investigated phenotypically, and the results of genetic detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed the presence of the biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Solving Multi-ObjectiveeLinearrProgramminggProblem by Using Revised Simplex Method and N.S. Advanced Approach

Nejmaddin A. Sulaiman — 2026-01-22

This study introduces a Revised Simplex approach for solving linear programming problems (SLPP) and proposes the S.N. Advanced Technique, which converts multi-objectiveilinear programminggproblems (MOLPP) into ssingle-objectivee linear programminggproblems (SOLPP). An algorithm was developed specifically for the S.N. Advanced Technique to address MOLPPs, and an updated version of Chandra Sen’s method was integrated with a new algorithm for solving such problems. The proposed methods were validated through extensive numerical testing, demonstrating their effectiveness and competitiveness compared to existing approaches, highlighting their practicality and efficiency in addressing complex optimization challenges

Antibacterial Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles in Combination with Other antibiotics

Ruaa Maan — 2026-01-22

This study investigates the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against Acinetobacter baumannii plus Staphylococcus aureus. The well diffusion method was used to estimate the inhibition zones of different concentrations of ZnO-NPs, as well as combined with ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. The results indicate that high concentrations of ZnO-NPs alone exhibit strong antibacterial activity and statistically, the p-value is non-significant, and their combination with antibiotics enhances bacterial inhibition. The mixture of ZnO-NPs with ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone significantly enhanced the antibacterial effect against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria, suggesting a potential strategy for overcoming antibiotic resistance.

Enhancing Web User Experience Using AI-based Personalization Techniques

Aeesha Shaheen — 2026-01-22

Enhancing user experience on the web has become a critical challenge due to the exponential growth of online content and the diversity of user preferences. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based personalization techniques have emerged as an effective solution to deliver tailored content, improve usability, and increase user engagement. This study investigates the integration of AI-driven models—such as collaborative filtering, neural networks, and attention-based mechanisms—into web personalization systems. A comparative analysis demonstrates that advanced hybrid models, particularly those combining Neural Collaborative Filtering (NCF) with attention mechanisms, achieve superior performance in predicting user preferences and sustaining engagement. The experimental results highlight significant improvements in accuracy, session duration, and user satisfaction, compared to traditional recommendation methods. The findings underscore the potential of AI-based personalization to redefine web user experience and provide practical insights for implementing adaptive web platforms.

Investigating parasitic protozoa and studying some properties of drinking water at the water treatment plant Al-Dour district – Salahalddin

Marwan Abdulrazzaq Kamil — 2026-01-22

The study was conducted in Al-Dour district, which is located within Salah Al-Din Governorate. The current study included various tests and analyses of four water treatment plants, including microscopic examinations to search for some parasites using a microscope. It also included other aspects and tests of some of the properties of the water from the Al-Dour district water treatment plant. This was done through tests that were carried out regarding the physical and chemical properties of the aqueous samples.

The results regarding the examination of the studied samples, both visually and microscopically, showed the absence of parasites, indicating the quality of the water suitable for human use. Other water tests were also within standard specifications, whether physical or chemical, for the period from August 2024 to January 2025. The pH analysis recorded values close between 7.25 and 8.55, and turbidity was recorded between 2.41 and 45.3 NTU. Total alkalinity recorded varying results ranging from 256 to 106 mg/L, while the sulfate analysis results recorded values between 88.366 and 57.166 mg/L, While the oxygen concentration recorded values of 6.2 – 3.9, the analysis of the biological oxygen demand ranged between 1.7-0.4 mg/L. As for the heavy elements, they had low values, as nitrates recorded values between 2.7-0.1 mg/L, and iron 0.02-0.14 mg/L

Construction of the (k, r)-caps in the projective 3-space PG(3,11)

Aidan Essa Mustafa Sulaimaan — 2026-01-22

The purpose of this work is to construct the (k, r)-caps in the projective 3-space PG(3,11). We found that PG(3,11) has an ovaloid maximum complete (k,2)-cap when k = 40. Furthermore the maximum (k,3)-caps, (k,4)-caps, (k,5)-caps,(k,6)-caps, (k,7)-caps, (k,8)-caps, (k,9)-caps, (k,10)-caps, (k,11)-caps, (k,12)-caps.

New Results on Fourth-Hankel Determinant of a Certain Subclass of Analytic Functions

Youssef Wali Abbas — 2026-01-22

This paper studies the fourth Hankel determinaf for a subclass of analytic functions, denoted by N( , defined via athir-order differential subordination involving an exponential function. Sharp coefficient bounds for lanl, where , are obtained, and an upper bound for the fourth Hankel determinant is established, contributing to the theary of geometric function classes.

Combine Logistic to Pray and Impacts of Harvesting on Prey-Predator Model

Azhi Sabir Mohammed — 2026-01-22

The present article argues about a prey-predator model where the two species are harvested autonomously with constant or variable rates that have been well thought-out. According to the theory of logistic growth, the prey population is increasing. The Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model is modified and adapted into this model. The model has reached its equilibrium points, and the dynamical behavior of the suggested system was examined to display the phase portrait. Model simulations are analyzing, bifurcation diagrams are examined, and the behavior of the solutions' locally and globally is examined. The impacts of logistic and harvesting on the steadiness of stability states are inspected. The main purpose of the article is to implement a mathematical investigate of the model, and it can be obtained that the effect of activities in harvesting is more effective on the dynamical behaviour in the current model. At the end, solution curves are plotted by utilizing the Maple program to explore the dynamical behaviour of the model regarding to the time.

Mathematics in Motion: Analyzing Speed and Distance Using Simple Formulas

Omar Ahmed Abbas — 2026-01-22

Mathematics touches almost every part of our daily living and is vital to inhibiting our understanding of movement, as a species, and the earth around us. In this paper, we assess movement from multiple perspectives using basic concepts from mathematics such as speed and distance. We establish definitions for average speed and instantaneous speed, followed by equations for combining distance with time, and then references to examples that illustrate the everyday use of vehicles, walking as a person, and free-falling objects to underline the aforementioned equations. The paper also discusses, while looking at small sections of motion, it is helpful to look at motion as a change with graphical representations, this means we are picturing a change which will support the readers understanding about mathematical relations. This paper hopes to promote the mathematical thinking involved in thinking about motion, and the mathematics to support the beauty of math in interpreting our natural world and human interactions.

Neutrosophic Hybrid Weibull Inverse Weibull distribution: Mathematical Properties with simulation and Neutrosophic Real Data Application

Kamal Abdullah — 2026-01-22

This study is concerned with finding a statistical distribution that deals with a Neutrosophic random variable and Neutrosophic parameters called Neutrosophic Hybrid Weibull Inverse Weibull (NHWIW) distribution. The basic functions of proposed distribution are found, as well as many statistical properties of distribution with an estimation of the model parameters in three different techniques, with a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the estimation efficiency of NHWIW distribution, with a comparison with three measures to determine the best method for estimation. A practical application is also conducted on two types of Neutrosophic real data, the first represented by mortality data for children under five years of age, and the second is COVID-19 in Netherlands for thirty days, where the analysis efficiency of the NHWIW distribution is determined by comparing it with six other distributions using 4 information criteria and 4 statistical measures, which showed the efficiency and flexibility of NHWIW distribution.

"Estimation of the Survival and Hazard Functions for the Inverse Gompertz Model with a Simulation-Based Application"

Manal Mahmoud Rasheed — 2026-01-22

The interest of statisticians in studying probability distributions arises from the role these statistical tools play in describing the behavior of data and understanding their characteristics. Phenomena can be expressed through random variables, and each random variable is represented by a probability distribution that contains important information about that variable.

The Inverse Gompertz distribution has been widely used among classical distributions over the past decades for modeling univariate and bivariate data in fields such as engineering, actuarial and environmental sciences, medicine, biological studies, demography, economics, finance, and insurance.

In this study, the survival and hazard functions were estimated using the maximum likelihood method and the Kaplan–Meier method. To demonstrate the applicability of this model and to evaluate which method performs better, sample sizes of $n = 5, 10, 30, 80, 120$ were generated. The comparison criterion employed was the Integrated Mean Squared Error (IMSE).

Applications of the in Coding Theory

Harith Muqdad Ahmad — 2026-01-22

In this research paper, we examine how the projective space over the Galois field, contributes to the construction and analysis of projective codes denoted as . The fundamental parameters of these codes are defined, where represents the code length, represents the code dimension, and represents the minimum distance. Furthermore, we calculate the error correction capacity based on the drop matrix, which plays a critical role in the structural properties of the code. Additionally, we demonstrate that this code is optimal

Evaluation of cholecystokinin levels and some biochemical variables in children with neonatal jaundice

Nadia Yousif Salih — 2026-01-22

Jaundice is a natural phenomenon that recurs constantly and then gradually disappears. A large percentage of newborns suffer from yellowing of the skin and eyes, which is called neonatal jaundice. This research study was conducted in the laboratory department of Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate, as well as in some private laboratories affiliated with Tikrit city, from March 15, 2025, to September 15, 2025. The study groups included (60) samples of children aged between (1-7) days and were distributed into two groups. The first group included 30 blood samples from healthy children, and 30 blood samples from children with jaundice after confirming that they had a bilirubin level of (15.5-30) mg/dl after conducting tests for the disease and referring them to the doctor. Then, blood was taken from both groups, and separated by centrifugation, and then the biochemical parameters were estimated, which included (bilirubin, C-reactive protein-CRP, glucose, Cholecystokinin-CCK, Potassium-K, Calcium-Ca, Glutathione-GSH, Malondialdehyde-MDA). The results of the present study showed that significant changes occurred in each of the studied variables in the blood serum of children with jaundice compared to the healthy subjects, at a P ≤ 0.05.

Development of Mathematical Models for Traffic Emissions Based on Vehicle Delay at Signalized Intersections

Neveen Mohammad Al-Qaisi — 2026-01-22

This study aims to develop accurate mathematical models to estimate hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions based on traffic delay parameters at signalized intersections. Using data from six congested intersections in Amman, Jordan, microscopic simulation models were developed and validated. Statistical analysis was then conducted to establish relationships between emissions and two measures of effectiveness: delay per vehicle and intersection control delay. The results revealed a strong inverse linear relationship between delay per vehicle and emissions, with the developed logarithmic models achieving high coefficients of determination of 89.26%, 87.49%, and 98.04% for HC, CO, and NOₓ, respectively.

The entry of artificial intelligence into strategic industries

T.A. Rasha Jawad Kadhim — 2026-01-22

AI as a 4.0 industrial revolution is increasingly bringing smart solutions to humans. AI brings benefits in terms of reduced energy consumption, induced cost-effectiveness, reduced operational risks, and increased performance matrices. The review will elaborate on how AI is revolutionizing various industries, including food, drug discovery, e-commerce, and chemical industries, by offering smart solutions. Resulting in reduced energy consumption, enhanced cost-effectiveness, mitigated operational risks, and improved performance metrics. Additionally, the results section will also elaborate on AI applications extended beyond these major sectors into numerous others, such as cosmetics, tourism, automobile, mechanical, environmental management, gaming, textile, entertainment, and enzymatic design industries. The integration of AI facilitates efficient structuring, administration, design, productivity, manufacturing, promotion, and accessibility of industrial products. However, its utilization remains under-regulated and predominantly limited to modernized economies, necessitating broader integration across small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale industries in both developing and developed countries. Collaboration among academics, researchers, industrialists, economists, administrative personnel, technologists, and environmentalists is crucial to foster a more sustainable, energy-efficient, economically viable, and safe integration of AI across various industries worldwide.

Using classification data mining methods to predict the level of efficiency of services in dental clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic

Anhar K.ALDeen Mohammed — 2026-01-22

The Covid-19 pandemic has always affected all life facilities, dental clinics, like other institutions. research goal is to reach the patient's evaluation of the competency of the service offered to him in the clinic during the pandemic.

Three classification- data mining algorithms -decision tree, logistic regression and cluster analysis- were used to rank clinic reviewer opinions.

Using the programming languages (HTML, PHP, My-SQL) an electronic system has been created that provides services and facilitates the procedures for organizing reservations and making appointments.....Etc., according to the necessary, safety instructions during the pandemic. The System Development Lifecycle (SDLS) methodology is used to determine the level of service efficiency, and ODBC is used to send data from the database to SPSS-V26.

The study variables, like the possibility of returning to the clinic, which has the greatest potential to classify observations and is contributing the most to differentiating for each of the two clusters, have a statistically significant relationship with the likelihood that you will recommend this clinic to others, A list of findings were included in the research's conclusion..

Solving Multi-Objective Linear Programming Problem by Using Revised Simplex Method and S.N. Advanced Approach

Shaida Muhammed — 2026-01-22

This study introduces a Revised Simplex approach for solving linear programming problems (SLPP) and proposes the Shaida, Nejmaddin, Advanced( S. N. Advanced Technique), which converts multi-objective linear programming problems (MOLPP) into single-objective linear programming problems (SOLPP). An algorithm was developed specifically for the S.N. Advanced Technique to address MOLPPs, and an updated version of Chandra Sen’s method was integrated with a new algorithm for solving such problems. This is the first time this road has been worked on, and the first time the algorithm for the Chandra Sen’s method has been developed. The proposed methods were validated through extensive numerical testing, demonstrating their effectiveness and competitiveness compared to existing approaches, highlighting their practicality and efficiency in addressing complex optimization challenges

Machine Scheduling Problem for Solving Tri-Objective Function Using Local Search Algorithm

Mohammed Muter — 2026-01-22

This study introduces the multi-objective single-machine approach. Reducing the three criteria of maximum earliest time , tardiness (), and total completion time () will solve the machine scheduling problem (MSP). It is an NP-hard problem.

In this paper's theoretical section, we give the mathematical formulation of. Next, we'll look at how the dominance rule may help you make the most informed decisions. In the practical part, the Branch and Bound method is one of the most important exact approaches. A collection of optimal determination issues for are generated, and the provided MSP goal is solved. In a fair amount of time, the BAB approach finds the best resolution issues to the problem. In addition, we provide two heuristic methods to address the Issue and provide appropriate estimates. The two suggested determination issues work well, according to the results of the practical investigation

Solving Harmonic Equation by Implicit Method

Thabet Hasan Sultan — 2026-01-22

In this paper, we solving the harmonic equation by one of the differencing method which is the implicit numerical method the heat diffusion equation is one kinds of homogeneous harmonic equation. So, we solving this equation by this numerical method with the initial and boundary conditions. The results other method